Coronary Angioplasty		Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Closure
Angioplasty means opening up a narrowed artery by inflating a balloon inside it made out of fine metal mesh (stent).		ASDs can be closed percutaneously (through a catheter (a long tube) inserted into a vein in the groin) without open heart surgery
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) Closure		Carotid Artery Stenting
Closure of a PFO can be done percutaneously via a catheter (a long plastic tube) inserted in a vein in the groin avoiding open heart surgery.		Carotid artery stenting is a less invasive way of treating significant narrowing in a carotid artery than open surgery.
Renal Artery Angioplasty / Stenting		Cardioversion
Treatment of renal artery stenosis through a catheter is safe and effective, and an open surgical procedure is almost never necessary.		A cardioversion is a procedure used to correct rhythm abnormalities of the heart, in which a small electric shock is used to "jolt" the heart back into a normal rhythm.
Electrophysiology (EP) study and Catheter Ablation		Pacemaker Implantation
An EP study is used to diagnose an abnormal heart rhythm problem (most frequently supraventricular tachycardia) and catheter ablation may cure the problem.		The normal electrical conducting system in the heart ensures the top chambers (the atria) contract before the bottom chambers (the ventricles). This natural sequence is mimicked by implantation of a dual chamber pacemaker